Jenny is preparing for an English test, and her brother is playing music loudly in the next room

Question 1

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Jenny is preparing for an English test, and her brother is playing music loudly in the next room. She focuses on reading her English text books and ignores the music. In this scenario, Jenny is using _____.

Select one:

countertransference
regularization
cognitive dissonance
selective attention

Rationale:

Correct. In the given scenario, Jenny is using selective attention. Selective attention is the focus of one’s consciousness on a particular stimulus. See 4-1: What Is Consciousness? What Is Consciousness?

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The correct answer is: selective attention

Question 2

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Which of the following statements is true of insomnia?

Select one:

Insomnia is a sleep disorder in which a person’s air passages are obstructed when asleep.
Insomnia is a sleep attack in which a person falls asleep suddenly.
Older adults are more likely than younger adults to have insomnia.

Rationale:

Correct. Older adults are more likely than younger adults to have insomnia because of a greater incidence of poor health and pain-factors that may make it more difficult to get comfortable in bed. See 4-2: Sleep and Dreams Sleep and Dreams

Over 80% of American adults are affected by insomnia in any given year.

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The correct answer is: Older adults are more likely than younger adults to have insomnia.

Question 3

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In the context of hypnotic suggestibility, suggestible people:

Select one:

do not cooperate with the hypnotist.
are prone to fantasy.

Rationale:

Correct. Part of “suggestibility” is knowledge of what is expected during the “trance state.” Generally speaking, suggestible people are prone to fantasy and want to cooperate with the hypnotist. As a result, they pay close attention to the instructions. See 4-3: Altering Consciousness: Hypnosis, Meditation, and Biofeedback Altering Consciousness: Hypnosis, Meditation, and Biofeedback

are resistive to hypnosis.
do not pay attention to instructions.

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The correct answer is: are prone to fantasy.

Question 4

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In _____, a person cannot move during the transition from consciousness to sleep, and hallucinations occur.

Select one:

somnambulism
sleep apnea
insomnia
D. sleep paralysis

Rationale:

Correct. In sleep paralysis, a person cannot move during the transition from consciousness to sleep, and hallucinations occur. See 4-2: Sleep and Dreams Sleep and Dreams

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The correct answer is: sleep paralysis

Question 5

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Ray often wakes up at night talking loudly and incoherently. During this time, his heart rate increases, and he recalls vague images of someone pressing on his chest. However, he is never fully awake and returns to sleep. In the context of sleep disorders, Ray is exhibiting symptoms of _____.

Select one:

somnambulism
insomnia
nightmares
sleep terrors

Rationale:

Correct. In the given scenario, Ray is exhibiting symptoms of sleep terrors. Sleep terrors are similar to, but more severe than, nightmares, which occur during rapid eye movement sleep. Experiencing a surge in the heart and respiration rates, the person may suddenly sit up, talk incoherently, and thrash about. He or she is never fully awake, returns to sleep, and may recall a vague image as of someone pressing on his or her chest. See 4-2: Sleep and Dreams Sleep and Dreams

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The correct answer is: sleep terrors

Question 6

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Modern hypnosis evolves from the ideas of _____.

Select one:

Jon Karat-Zinn
Theodore Sabin
Franz Mesmer

Rationale:

Correct. Modern hypnosis evolves from the ideas of Franz Mesmer in the 18th century. Mesmer asserted that everything in the universe was connected by forms of magnetism-which actually may not be far off the mark. See 4-3: Altering Consciousness: Hypnosis, Meditation, and Biofeedback Altering Consciousness: Hypnosis, Meditation, and Biofeedback

Sigmund Freud

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The correct answer is: Franz Mesmer

Question 7

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Older adults are more likely than younger adults to have insomnia because of a:

Select one:

higher number of beta waves in the brains of younger adults.
higher chance of genetic mutation of neurons.
lower frequency of brain waves in older adults.
greater incidence of poor health and pain.

Rationale:

Correct. Older adults are more likely than younger adults to have insomnia because of a greater incidence of poor health and pain. See 4-2: Sleep and Dreams Sleep and Dreams

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The correct answer is: greater incidence of poor health and pain.

Question 8

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People practice _____ by concentrating on words or sounds that are claimed to help the person achieve an altered state of consciousness.

Select one:

repression
transcendental meditation

Rationale:

Correct. People practice transcendental meditation by concentrating on mantras-words or sounds that are claimed to help the person achieve an altered state of consciousness. See 4-3: Altering Consciousness: Hypnosis, Meditation, and Biofeedback Altering Consciousness: Hypnosis, Meditation, and Biofeedback

biofeedback
mindfulness meditation

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The correct answer is: transcendental meditation

Question 9

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Which of the following sleep disorders is similar to experiencing nightmares?

Select one:

Narcolepsy
Sleep apnea
Sleep terrors

Rationale:

Correct. Sleep terrors are similar to, but more severe than, nightmares, which occur during rapid eye movement sleep. See 4-2: Sleep and Dreams Sleep and Dreams

Insomnia

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The correct answer is: Sleep terrors

Question 10

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__________explains hypnotic events in terms of a person’s ability to act as though he or she were hypnotized.

Select one:

The activation-synthesis model
Conflict theory
Role theory

Rationale:

Correct

Role theory is a theory that explains hypnotic events in terms of a person’s ability to act as though he or she were hypnotized. See 4-3: Altering Consciousness: Hypnosis, Meditation, and Biofeedback Altering Consciousness: Hypnosis, Meditation, and Biofeedback

The biofeedback model

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The correct answer is: Role theory

Question 11

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Nicotine increases the appetite and reduces the metabolic rate of a person.

Select one:

True

False

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Rationale:

Correct. Nicotine depresses the appetite and raises the metabolic rate of a person. Thus, some people smoke cigarettes to control their weight. See 4-6: Stimulants Stimulants

The correct answer is ‘False’.

Question 12

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According to Sigmund Freud, hypnotized adults:

Select one:

enter an unaltered state of consciousness.
return to behaviors that emphasize fact and logic rather than fantasy.
permit themselves to return to childish modes of responding.

Rationale:

Correct. According to Sigmund Freud, hypnotized adults permit themselves to return to childish modes of responding that emphasize fantasy and impulse rather than fact and logic. See 4-3: Altering Consciousness: Hypnosis, Meditation, and Biofeedback Altering Consciousness: Hypnosis, Meditation, and Biofeedback

fake the hypnotic role.

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The correct answer is: permit themselves to return to childish modes of responding.

Question 13

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Alternating periods of wakefulness and sleep reflect an internally generated _____.

Select one:

delta wave
alpha wave
hypnotic trance
D. circadian rhythm

Rationale:

Correct. Alternating periods of wakefulness and sleep reflect an internally generated circadian rhythm. A circadian rhythm is a cycle that is connected with the 24-hour period of the earth’s rotation. See 4-2: Sleep and Dreams Sleep and Dreams

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The correct answer is: circadian rhythm

Question 14

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Positive reinforces increase the probability that a behavior will occur when the reinforces are removed.

Select one:

True

False

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Rationale:

Correct. Negative reinforces increase the probability that a behavior will occur when the reinforces are removed. See 5-4: Operant Conditioning: Learning What Does What to What Operant Conditioning: Learning What Does What to What

The correct answer is ‘False’.

Question 15

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__________is the acquisition of knowledge and skills by watching others rather than by means of direct experience.

Select one:

Free association
Systematic desensitization
Cognitive mapping
d. Observational learning

Rationale:

Correct

Observational learning is the acquisition of knowledge and skills through the observation of others (who are called models) rather than by means of direct experience. See 5-6: Cognitive Factors in LearningCognitive Factors in Learning

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The correct answer is: Observational learning

Question 16

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_____ refers to an unlearned response in which an organism attends to a stimulus.

Select one:

Countertransference
A conditioned reflex
An orienting reflex

Rationale:

Correct. An orienting reflex is an unlearned response in which an organism attends to a stimulus. See 5-2: Classical Conditioning: Learning What Is Linked to What Classical Conditioning: Learning What Is Linked to What

Counterconditioning

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The correct answer is: An orienting reflex

Question 17

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In Pavlov’s experiments on classical conditioning, salivation of the dog in response to the meat powder is an unlearned or unconditioned response.

Select one:

True

False

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Rationale:

Correct. In Pavlov’s experiments on classical conditioning, salivation of the dog in response to the meat powder is an unlearned or unconditioned response. See 5-2: Classical Conditioning: Learning What Is Linked to What Classical Conditioning: Learning What Is Linked to What

The correct answer is ‘True’.

Question 18

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Hailey is taking dance lessons. Each time she makes a progressive move, her dance instructor commends her. In this scenario, Hailey’s instructor is training her by _____.

Select one:

flooding
counterconditioning
C. shaping

Rationale:

Correct. In the given scenario, Hailey’s instructor is training her by shaping. Shaping is a procedure for teaching complex behaviors that at first reinforces approximations of the target behavior. See 5-5: Applications of Operant Conditioning Applications of Operant Conditioning

systematic desensitization

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The correct answer is: shaping

Question 19

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_____ are defined as stimuli that increase the frequency of behavior.

Select one:

a. Reinforces

Rationale:

Correct. Reinforces are defined as stimuli that increase the frequency of behavior. See 5-4: Operant Conditioning: Learning What Does What to What Operant Conditioning: Learning What Does What to What

Aversive stimuli
Punishments
Unpleasant stimuli

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The correct answer is: Reinforces

Question 20

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Secondary reinforces are also called _____ because they acquire their value through being associated with established reinforces.

Select one:

A. conditioned reinforces

Rationale:

Correct. Secondary reinforces acquire their value through being associated with established reinforces. For this reason they are also termed conditioned reinforces. See 5-4: Operant Conditioning: Learning What Does What to What Operant Conditioning: Learning What Does What to What

unconditioned reinforces
innate reinforces
primary reinforces

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The correct answer is: conditioned reinforces

Question 21

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Soya is teaching her dog to salivate every time she flashes a blue torchlight. To teach him to do this, she flashes the torchlight every time she gives him food. Later, he salivates on seeing the torchlight even when it is not paired with food. In this scenario, Zeya’s dog salivating to the blue torchlight is an example of a (n) _____.

Select one:

conditioned stimulus
conditioned response

Rationale:

Correct. In this scenario, Zeya’s dog salivating to the blue torchlight is an example of a conditioned response. In Pavlov’s experiment on classical conditioning, salivation in response to the tone (or conditioned stimulus) is a conditioned response. See 5-2: Classical Conditioning: Learning What Is Linked to What Classical Conditioning: Learning What Is Linked to What

unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response

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The correct answer is: conditioned response

Question 22

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Immediate reinforces are less effective than delayed reinforces.

Select one:

True

False

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Rationale:

Correct. Immediate reinforces are more effective than delayed reinforces. Therefore, the short-term consequences of behavior often provide more of an incentive than the long-term consequences. See 5-4: Operant Conditioning: Learning What Does What to What Operant Conditioning: Learning What Does What to What

The correct answer is ‘False’.

Question 23

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Which of the following statements is true in the context of taste aversions?

Select one:

In taste aversion, the unconditioned stimulus can occur hours after the conditioned stimulus.

Rationale:

Correct. In taste aversion, the unconditioned stimulus can occur hours after the conditioned stimulus. See 5-3: Applications of Classical Conditioning Applications of Classical Conditioning

Taste aversions are a form of systematic desensitization.
Taste aversions are adaptive in nature.
In taste aversion, the unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus must be close together in time.

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The correct answer is: In taste aversion, the unconditioned stimulus can occur hours after the conditioned stimulus.

Question 24

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In a variable-interval schedule, reinforcement is provided after a _____.

Select one:

random amount of time has passed

Rationale:

Correct. In a variable-interval schedule, a variable amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available. See 5-4: Operant Conditioning: Learning What Does What to What Operant Conditioning: Learning What Does What to What

fixed amount of time has passed
random number of correct responses are made
fixed number of correct responses are made

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The correct answer is: random amount of time has passed

Question 25

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Rewards and punishments are known by their effects, whereas reinforces are more known by how they feel.

Select one:

True

False

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Rationale:

Correct. Reinforces are known by their effects, whereas rewards and punishments are more known by how they feel. See 5-4: Operant Conditioning: Learning What Does What to What Operant Conditioning: Learning What Does What to What

The correct answer is ‘False’.

Jenny is preparing for an English test, and her brother is playing music loudly in the next room

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